Avaliação cardiovascular perioperatória para cirurgia não cardíaca / Preoperatuve cardiovascular evaluation for noncardiac surgery

A decisão de se recomendar exames, medidas cardioprotetoras ou terapêuticas para um paciente que irá ser submetido a uma cirurgia não cardíaca, em última análise, se torna um ato de equilíbrio entre as probabilidades estimadas de eficácia versus risco. Exemplo disso é a redução do número de exames pedidos no pré-operatório após a implementação das recomendações do American Callege af Cardiology (ACC) FaundatianlAmerican Heart Assaciatian (AHA). Nos pacientes candidatos à cirurgia de aorta, 88% eram submetidos a teste de estresse com imagem nuclear, 24% a cateterismo cardíaco e 24% à revascularização do miocárdio (CRVM) no pré-operatório. Com a implementação das recomendações, estes números caíram para 47, 11 e 2%, respectiva- mente. Os custos gerais da avaliação pré-operatória reduziram-se de U$ 1.087 para U$ 171. Ao mesmo tempo, o desfecho perioperatório foi melhor. O índice de morte/infarto do miocárdio caiu de 11 para 4%1. O objetivo deste artigo de atualização é discutir as principais recomendações da AHA/ACC e destacar a importância de sua aplicação no dia-a-dia do anestesiologista...

The decisian to recommend exams, heart-protective or therapeutic measures for a patient who will be submitted to a non-cardiac surgery, in the final analysis, becomes an act af balance between estimated probabilities af effectiveness versus risk. An example is the reduced number ot exams required in the preoperative period after implementing the recommendatians af the American Callege af Cardialagy (ACC) Foundation/American Heart Associatian (AHA). In patients candidates for aortic surgeries, 88% were submitted to nuclear image stress test, 24% to cardiac catheterism and 24% were submitted to myocardial revascularizatian (MR) in the preoperative period. By implementing the recommendations, these numbers dropped to 47%, 11% and 2% respectively. General costs of preoperative evaluatians reduced from U$I087 to U$171. At the same time, the perioperative outcame was better. The death/myocardial infarction rate dropped from 11% to 4%1. The purpase af this updating paper is to discuss the main recommendations af AHAIACC and to highlight the importance of their implementation the day-by-day af the anesthesiologist...

Single-injection femoral nerve block with 0.25% ropivacaine or 0.25% bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia after total knee replacement or anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of single-injection femoral nerve block (FNB) in postoperative pain after total knee replacement (TKR) and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, double-blind study. PATIENTS: 96 ASA physical status I, II, and III patients, scheduled for TKR or ACL reconstruction. INTERVENTIONS: All patients received a standard spinal anesthetic, then were randomly divided into three treatment groups as follows: Group B (n = 30) received an FNB with 40 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine containing epinephrine, 1:200,000; Group R (n = 32) received an FNB with 40 mL of 0.25% ropivacaine; and Group C (n = 28) received no FNB. MEASUREMENTS: The following clinical outcomes were assessed at up to 6 hours (T1), 6 to 10 hours (T2), and 10 to 24 hours (T3) after spinal anesthesia was given: visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, both at rest and on movement (no or mild pain, moderate pain, or severe pain); morphine use; sensory block in the femoral, obturator, and lateral femoral cutaneous nerve dermatomes; and motor block of the femoral and obturator nerves. MAIN RESULTS: Except for VAS during rest and on movement at time T3, there were more Group C patients who experienced moderate or severe pain than those who had no pain or mild pain, when compared with Groups R and B. Sensory block in the femoral and lateral femoral cutaneous nerve dermatomes did not differ between Groups R and B at any times. However, sensory block in the obturator nerve dermatome was lower in Group R than Group B only at T3. We observed a lower, significant use of morphine at T2 when comparing Groups R and B with Group C. No Group R patient and about 30% of Group B patients remained with motor block of femoral and obturator nerves at T3. Except for frequency of nausea, which was highest in Group C, the frequency of other side effects was similar among the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: Femoral nerve block using 0.25% ropivacaine or 0.25% bupivacaine is an effective method of postoperative analgesia after TKR and ACL reconstruction, particularly for the first 10 hours after spinal anesthesia.